Cobalt catalysts and their use for hydrosilylation and dehydrogenative silylation

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are cobalt complexes containing pyridine di-imine ligands and chelating alkenyl-modified silyl ligands, and their use as hydrosilylation and/or dehydrogenative silylation and crosslinking catalysts. The cobalt complexes also exhibit adequate air stability for handling and manipulation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/906,210 entitled “Cobalt Catalysts and Their Use for Hydrosilylation and Dehydrogenative Silylation,” filed on Nov. 19, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to transition metal-containing compounds, more specifically to cobalt complexes containing pyridine di-imine ligands and their use as catalysts for hydrosilylation and dehydrogenative silylation reactions.

BACKGROUND

Hydrosilylation chemistry, typically involving a reaction between a silyl hydride and an unsaturated organic group, is the basis for synthetic routes to produce commercial silicone-based products like silicone surfactants, silicone fluids and silanes as well as many addition cured products like sealants, adhesives, and coatings. Typical hydrosilylation reactions use precious metal catalysts to catalyze the addition of a silyl-hydride (Si—H) to an unsaturated group, such as an olefin. In these reactions, the resulting product is a silyl-substituted, saturated compound. In most of these cases, the addition of the silyl group proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov manner, i.e., to the less substituted carbon atom of the unsaturated group. Most precious metal catalyzed hydrosilylations only work well with terminally unsaturated olefins, as internal unsaturations are generally non-reactive or only poorly reactive. There are currently only limited commercially viable methods for the general hydrosilylation of olefins where after the addition of the Si—H group there still remains an unsaturation in the original substrate. This reaction, termed a dehydrogenative silylation, has potential uses in the synthesis of new silicone materials, such as silanes, silicone fluids, crosslinked silicone elastomers, and silylated or silicone-crosslinked organic polymers such as polyolefins, unsaturated polyesters, and the like.

Various precious metal complex catalysts are known in the art including a platinum complex containing unsaturated siloxanes as ligands, which is known in the art as Karstedt's catalyst. Other platinum-based hydrosilylation catalysts include Ashby's catalyst, Lamoreaux's catalyst, and Speier's catalyst.

Other metal-based catalysts have been explored including, for example, rhodium complexes, iridium complexes, palladium complexes and even first-row transition metal-based catalysts to promote limited hydrosilylations and dehydrogenative silylations.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,555 discloses the synthesis of certain iron or cobalt pyridine di-imine (PDI) complexes bearing two ionic ligands. The preferred anions are chloride, bromide, and tetrafluoroborate. U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,819 discloses iron and cobalt complexes of certain tricyclic ligands containing a “pyridine” ring substituted with two imino groups. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,461,994, 6,657,026 and 7,148,304 disclose several catalyst systems containing certain transitional metal-PDI complexes. U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,020 discloses a catalyst system containing, inter alia, one or more bisarylimino pyridine iron or cobalt catalyst. Chirik et al describe bisarylimino pyridine cobalt complexes with anionic ligands (Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 6110 and JACS. 2010, 132, 1676.) However, the catalysts and catalyst systems disclosed in these references are described for use in the context of olefin hydrogenation, polymerizations and/or oligomerisations, not in the context of dehydrogenative silylation reactions. U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,915 discloses hydrosilylation using Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni catalysts containing pyridinediimine ligands. However, these catalysts are sensitive to air.

There is a continuing need in the silylation industry for non-precious metal-based catalysts that are effective for efficiently and selectively catalyzing hydrosilylation and/or dehydrogenative silylations. There is also a need for metal-based catalysts that are air stable. Many metal-based catalysts, including those based on iron or cobalt, are not stable under atmospheric conditions. This makes such materials generally unsuitable for application on a production or industrial scale.

Further, many industrially important homogeneous metal catalysts suffer from the drawback that following consumption of the first charge of substrates, the catalytically active metal is lost to aggregation and agglomeration and its beneficial catalytic properties are substantially diminished via colloid formation or precipitation. This is a costly loss, especially for noble metals such as Pt. Heterogeneous catalysts are used to alleviate this problem but have limited use for polymers and also have lower activity than homogeneous counterparts. For example, the two primary homogeneous catalysts for hydrosilylation, Speier's and Karstedt's, often lose activity after catalyzing a charge of olefin and silyl- or siloxyhydride reaction. If a single charge of the homogeneous catalyst could be re-used for multiple charges of substrates, then catalyst and process cost advantages would be significant.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides cobalt complexes. The cobalt complexes can be used as catalysts for hydrosilylation and/or dehydrogenative silylation processes. Additionally, the present cobalt complexes exhibit air-stability that allows handling under atmospheric conditions.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a complex of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵ and R⁸-R¹⁴, other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R⁶, R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom.

In one embodiment, Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from a C1-C4 alkyl or a C6-C10 aryl. In one embodiment, Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from methyl or phenyl.

In one embodiment, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl. In one embodiment, R⁶ and/or R⁷ comprise an aryl of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom.

In one embodiment, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are a C1-C4 alkyl, and R¹⁹ and R²¹ are hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the complex is of the formula:

In one embodiment, the complex is immobilized on a support. In one embodiment, the support is chosen from carbon, silica, alumina, MgCl₂, zirconia, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(aminostyrene), sulfonated polystyrene, or a combination of two or more thereof. In one embodiment, at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and/or R⁷ comprises a functional group that covalently bonds with the support.

In one aspect, the present invention provides, a process for producing a dehydrogenatively silylated product comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the dehydrogenatively silylated product, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵ and R⁸-R¹⁴, other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.

In one embodiment, one or both of R⁶ and R⁷ comprise an aryl of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom.

In one embodiment, R¹⁸ and R²² are independently methyl, ethyl or isopropyl groups and R³ is hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are each methyl.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R⁵ are independently methyl or phenyl groups.

In one embodiment, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is chosen from a complex of the formula:

or a combination of two or more thereof.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises removing the complex and/or derivatives thereof from the dehydrogenative silylated product.

In one embodiment, the dehydrogenatively silylated product comprises a silane or siloxane containing a silyl group and an unsaturated group.

In one embodiment, the unsaturated group is in the alpha or beta position relative to the silyl group.

In one embodiment, the molar ratio of the unsaturated group in said component (a) relative to the silylhydride functional group in said component (b) is equal to 2:1 or greater.

In one embodiment, the dehydrogenatively silylated product contains two or more terminal silyl groups derived from component (b).

In one embodiment, component (a) is a mono-unsaturated compound. In one embodiment, component (a) is selected from the group consisting of an alkyne or an olefin; a cycloalkene; an alkyl-capped allyl polyether; a vinyl-functional alkyl-capped allyl or methallyl polyether; an alkyl-capped terminally unsaturated amine; an alkyne; terminally unsaturated acrylate or methacrylate; unsaturated aryl ether; vinyl-functionalized polymer or oligomer; vinyl-functionalized and/or terminally unsaturated alkenyl-functionalized silane and/or silicone; an unsaturated fatty acid; an unsaturated ester; or a combination of two or more thereof.

In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in the presence of a solvent selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of −40° C. to 200° C.

In one embodiment, the silylated product comprises an anti-Markovnikov addition product, a Markovnkiov addition product, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a process for producing a crosslinked material, comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) a silyl-hydride containing polymer, (b) a mono-unsaturated olefin or an unsaturated polyolefin, or combinations thereof and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the crosslinked material, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof;

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵, and R⁸-R¹⁴ other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a process for the hydrosilylation of a composition comprising hydrosilylation reactants chosen from (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, and (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, the process comprising contacting the composition comprising the hydrosilylation reactants with a complex of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵, and R⁸-R¹⁴ other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both of R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.

In one embodiment, Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 alkyl and C6-C18 aryl. In one embodiment, Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from methyl or phenyl.

In one embodiment, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl. In one embodiment, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each methyl.

In one embodiment, R², R³, and R⁴ are each hydrogen.

In one embodiment, wherein R¹ and R⁵ are each methyl.

In one embodiment, the complex is of the formula:

or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the silyl hydride is chosen from one or a combination of compounds of the formulas:

R²³ _(m)SiH_(p)X_(4-(m+p));

M_(a)M^(H) _(b)D_(c)D^(H) _(d)T_(e)T^(H) _(f)Q_(g);

R²⁹ ₃Si(CH₂R²⁹)_(x)SiOSiR²⁹ ₂(OSiR²⁹ ₂)_(y)OSiR²⁹ ₂H;

R²⁹ ₃Si(CHR²⁹)_(x)SiR²⁹ ₂H,

or a combination of two or more thereof, where each R²³ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl group; X is halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy, or silazane; m is 0-3; p is 1-3 with the proviso that the silicon remains tetravalent; M represents a monofunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₃SiO_(1/2); a D represents a difunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₂SiO_(2/2); a T represents a trifunctional group of formula R²⁴SiO_(3/2); Q represents a tetrafunctional group of formula SiO_(4/2); M^(H) represents HR²⁴ ₂SiO_(1/2), T^(H) represents HSiO_(3/2), and D^(H) group represents R²⁴HSiO_(2/2); each occurrence of R²⁴ is independently a C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, a C₁-C₁₈ substituted alkyl, a C₆-C₁₄ aryl or substituted aryl, wherein R²⁴ optionally contains at least one heteroatom; subscripts a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are such that the molar mass of the compound is between 100 and 100,000 Dalton; each occurrence of R²⁹ is independently C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, C6-C14 aryl or substituted aryl; x is 1-8, and y is 0-10.

In one embodiment, the unsaturated compound (a) is chosen from an unsaturated polyether; a vinyl functionalized alkyl capped allyl or methylallyl polyether; a terminally unsaturated amine; an alkyne; a C2-C45 olefins; an unsaturated epoxide; a terminally unsaturated acrylate or methyl acrylate; an unsaturated aryl ether; an unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon; unsaturated cycloalkane; a vinyl-functionalized polymer or oligomer; a vinyl-functionalized silane, a vinyl-functionalized silicone, terminally unsaturated alkenyl-functionalized silane and/or silicone or a combination of two or more thereof.

In one embodiment, the unsaturated compound (a) is chosen from one or more polyethers having the general formula:

R²⁵(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)—OR²⁶; and/or

R²⁶O(CHR²⁷CH₂O)_(w)(CH₂CH₂O)_(z)—CR²⁸ ₂—C≡C—CR²⁸ ₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)R²⁶

wherein R²⁵ is chosen from an unsaturated organic group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms; R²⁶ is independently chosen from a hydrogen, vinyl, allyl, methallyl, or a polyether capping group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an acyl group, a beta-ketoester group, or a trialkylsilyl group; R²⁷ and R²⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, a monovalent hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, an alkaryl group, and a cycloalkyl group; a Me or H are preferred for R²⁷; each occurrence of z is 0 to 100 inclusive; and each occurrence of w is 0 to 100 inclusive.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises removal of the catalyst composition. In one embodiment, removal of the catalyst composition is achieved by filtration.

In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 200° C.

In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in a subatmospheric pressure.

In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in a supra-atmospheric pressure.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition produced from the various process. In one embodiment, the composition contains the catalyst or derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one component chosen from a silane, a silicone fluid, a crosslinked silicone, or a combination of two or more thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for producing a silylated product in the presence of the catalyst of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the process is a process for producing a hydrosilylated product. In another embodiment, the process is a process for producing a dehydrogenatively silylated product.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a process for the hydrosilylation of a composition, the process comprising contacting the composition comprising the hydrosilylation reactants with a complex of the Formula (I). In one embodiment, the hydrosilylation reactants comprise (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, and (c) a catalyst of Formula I or an adduct thereof, optionally in the presence of a solvent.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a process for producing a dehydrogenatively silylated product, the process comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the dehydrogenatively silylated product, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to cobalt complexes containing pyridine di-imine ligands and their use as efficient hydrosilylation catalysts and/or dehydrogenative silylation and catalysts. In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a complex of the Formula (I), as illustrated above, wherein Co can be in any valence or oxidation state (e.g., +1, +2, or +3) for use in a hydrosilylation reaction, a dehydrogenative silylation reaction, and/or crosslinking reactions. In particular, according to one embodiment of the invention, a class of cobalt pyridine di-imine complexes has been found that are capable of hydrosilylation and/or dehydrogenative silylation reactions. The invention also addresses the advantage of reusing a single charge of catalyst for multiple batches of product, resulting in process efficiencies and lower costs.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes straight, branched and cyclic alkyl groups. Specific and non-limiting examples of alkyls include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl and cyclohexyl.

As used herein, the term “substituted alkyl” includes an alkyl group that contains one or more substituent groups that are inert under the process conditions to which the compound containing these groups is subjected. The substituent groups also do not substantially or deleteriously interfere with the process.

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to a non-limiting group of any aromatic hydrocarbon from which one hydrogen atom has been removed. An aryl may have one or more aromatic rings, which may be fused, connected by single bonds or other groups. Examples of suitable aryls include, but are not limited to, tolyl, xylyl, phenyl and naphthalenyl.

As used herein, the term “substituted aryl” refers to an aromatic group substituted as set forth in the above definition of “substituted alkyl.” Similar to an aryl, a substituted aryl may have one or more aromatic rings, which may be fused, connected by single bonds or other groups; however, when the substituted aryl has a heteroaromatic ring, the attachment can be through a heteroatom (such as nitrogen) of the heteroaromatic ring instead of a carbon. In one embodiment, the substituted aryl groups herein contain 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to any straight, branched, or cyclic alkenyl group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, where the point of substitution can be either a carbon-carbon double bond or elsewhere in the group. Examples of suitable alkenyls include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, allyl, methallyl, ethylidenyl norbornyl, etc.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to any straight, branched, or cyclic alkynyl group containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, where the point of substitution can be either at a carbon-carbon triple bond or elsewhere in the group.

As used herein, the term “unsaturated” refers to one or more double or triple bonds. In one embodiment, it refers to carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

As used herein, the term “inert substituent” refers to a group other than hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, which is inert under the process conditions to which the compound containing the group is subjected. The inert substituents also do not substantially or deleteriously interfere with any process described herein that the compound in which they are present may take part in. Examples of inert substituents include, but are not limited to, halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo), and ether such as —OR³⁰ wherein R³⁰ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl.

As used herein, the term “hetero atoms” refers to any of the Group 13-17 elements except carbon, and can include, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

As used herein, the term “olefin” refers to any aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon also containing one or more aliphatic carbon-carbon unsaturations. Such olefins may be linear, branched, or cyclic and may be substituted with heteroatoms as described above, with the proviso that the substituents do not interfere substantially or deleteriously with the course of the desired reaction to produce the dehydrogenatively silylated product.

Cobalt Complexes

The present invention provides, in one aspect, a cobalt complex, which complex can be used as a catalyst in hydrosilylation or dehydrogenative silylation reactions. The catalyst composition comprises a cobalt complex containing a pyridine di-imine (PDI) ligand and a chelating alkenyl-substituted silyl ligand with the alkenyl substitution preferred at the beta-position relative to silicon. In one embodiment, the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or substituted aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵ and R⁸-R¹⁴ contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶-R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or substituted aryl, wherein one or both of R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or substituted aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom. In the catalyst complex Co can be in any valence or oxidation state (e.g., +1, +2, or +3).

In one embodiment, at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ is

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or substituted aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom. In one embodiment, R¹⁸ and R²² may independently include methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl groups, and R²⁰ may be hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are each methyl and R¹⁹ and R²¹ are hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the cobalt complex is such that R⁶ and R⁷ are a methyl or phenyl group, R¹ and R⁵ may independently be methyl or phenyl groups; and R², R³ and R⁴ may be hydrogen.

In one embodiment, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from a C1-C10 alkyl, or an aryl, Z is O, and R¹⁰-R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In one embodiment, R⁸ and R⁹ are each methyl. In still another embodiment, R⁸ and R⁹ are each phenyl.

In one embodiment, the cobalt complex is a complex of the formula:

In one embodiment, the catalyst is generated by reacting a catalyst precursor prepared according to published procedure with the desired alkenyl-modified silane containing an SiH group in a solvent.

The present catalysts exhibit air stability that allows handling in the open atmosphere. Many iron or cobalt complexes previously known to catalyze hydrosilylation or dehydrogenative silylation exhibit poor air stability which limits their industrial application. The present PDI-Co complexes with the chelating alkene-modified silyl ligand, however, have been found to overcome this major drawback.

In the reaction processes of the invention, the catalysts can be unsupported or immobilized on a support material, for example, carbon, silica, alumina, MgCl₂ or zirconia, or on a polymer or prepolymer, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(aminostyrene), or sulfonated polystyrene. The metal complexes can also be supported on dendrimers.

In some embodiments, for the purposes of attaching the metal complexes of the invention to a support, it is desirable that at least one of R¹ to R⁷ of the metal complexes has a functional group that is effective to covalently bond to the support. Exemplary functional groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, SH, COOH, NH₂ or OH groups.

Catalyzed Reactions

In accordance with the present invention, the cobalt complexes of Formula (I) can be used as a catalyst for a dehydrogenative silylation process, hydrosilylation reaction process, and/or a cross-linking reaction process. The dehydrogenative silylation and hydrosilylation processes generally comprise reacting a silyl hydride compound with an unsaturated compound having at least one unsaturated functional group.

The silyl hydride employed in the reactions is not particularly limited. It can be, for example, any compound chosen from hydrosilanes or hydrosiloxanes including those compounds of the formulas R²³ _(m)SiH_(p)X_(4-(m+p)) or M_(a)M^(H) _(b)D_(c)D^(H) _(d)T_(e)T^(H) _(f)Q_(g), where each R²³ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl group, X is alkoxy, acyloxy, or silazane, m is 0-3, p is 1-3 (with the proviso that silicon remains tetravalent), and M, D, T, and Q have their usual meaning in siloxane nomenclature. The subscripts a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are such that the molar mass of the siloxane-type reactant is between 100 and 100,000 Dalton. In one embodiment, an “M” group represents a monofunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₃SiO_(1/2), a “D” group represents a difunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₂SiO_(2/2), a “T” group represents a trifunctional group of formula R²⁴SiO_(3/2), and a “Q” group represents a tetrafunctional group of formula SiO_(4/2), an “M^(H)” group represents HR²⁴ ₂SiO_(1/2), a “T^(H)” represents HSiO_(3/2), and a “D^(H)” group represents R²⁴HSiO_(2/2). Each occurrence of R²⁴ is independently C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, C6-C14 aryl or substituted aryl, wherein R²⁴ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.

The instant invention also provides hydrosilylation with hydridosiloxanes comprising carbosiloxane linkages (for example, Si—CH₂—Si—O—SiH, Si—CH₂—CH₂—Si—O—SiH or Si-arylene-Si—O—SiH). Carbosiloxanes contain both the Si-(hydrocarbylene)-Si— and Si—O—Si— functionalities, where hydrocarbylene represents a substituted or unsubstituted, divalent alkylene, cycloalkylene or arylene group. The synthesis of carbosiloxanes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,220; U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,761 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,507,775 all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. An exemplary formula for hydridosiloxanes with carbosiloxane linkages is R²⁹ ₃Si(CH₂ R²⁹)_(x)SiOSi R²⁹ ₂(OSi R²⁹ ₂)_(y)OSi R²⁹ ₂H, wherein each occurrence of R²⁹ is independently a monovalent alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl group such as C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, C6-C14 aryl or substituted aryl. No limiting examples of suitable groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl. Additionally, R²⁹ independently may also be H. The subscript x has a value of 1-8, y has a value from zero to 10 and is preferably zero to 4. A specific example of a hydridocarbosiloxane is (CH₃)₃SiCH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)₂OSi(CH₃)₂H.

Hydridocarbosilanes are another class useful for the hydrosilylation and dehydrogenative silylation reactions of the instant invention. Hydridocarbosilanes have SiH bonds as well as linkages such as —Si—(CH₂)_(x)—Si— (wherein x is an integer greater than or equal to 1, and is preferably 1-8) and other Si-hydrocarbylene groups in the molecular formula, but no siloxane linkages. As defined above, hydrocarbylene refers to a substituted or unsubstituted divalent alkylene, cycloalkylene or arylene group. They can be linear, cyclic or branched and contain more than one SiH bond per molecule. The SiH bonds can be terminal or distributed internally along the Si-hydrocarbylene chains in the molecule. An exemplary formula for hydridocarbosilanes is R²⁹ ₃Si(CHR²⁹)_(x)SiR²⁹ ₂H, R²⁹ and x having the meanings defined above. Specific examples of hydridocarbosilanes are (CH₃)₃SiCH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)₂H, H(CH₃)₂SiCH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)₂H, (CH₃)₃SiC₆H₄Si(CH₃)₂H, (CH₃)₃SiC₆H₁₀Si(CH₃)₂H, wherein —C₆H₄— is the phenylene linkage and C₆H₁₀— is the cyclohexylene linkage.

A variety of reactors can be used in the process of this invention. Selection is determined by factors such as the volatility of the reagents and products. Continuously stirred batch reactors are conveniently used when the reagents are liquid at ambient and reaction temperature. These reactors can also be operated with a continuous input of reagents and continuous withdrawal of dehydrogenatively silylated or hydrosilylated reaction product. With gaseous or volatile olefins and silanes, fluidized-bed reactors, fixed-bed reactors and autoclave reactors can be more appropriate.

The unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group employed in the hydrosilylation reaction is generally not limited and can be chosen from an unsaturated compound as desired for a particular purpose or intended application. The unsaturated compound can be a mono-unsaturated compound or it can comprise two or more unsaturated functional groups. In one embodiment, the unsaturated group can be an alphatically unsaturated functional group. Examples of suitable compounds containing an unsaturated group include, but are not limited to, unsaturated polyethers such as alkyl-capped allyl polyethers, vinyl functionalized alkyl capped allyl or methylallyl polyethers; terminally unsaturated amines; alkynes; C2-C45 olefins, in one embodiment alpha olefins; unsaturated epoxides such as allyl glycidyl ether and vinyl cyclohexene-oxide; terminally unsaturated acrylates or methyl acrylates; unsaturated aryl ethers; unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons; unsaturated cycloalkanes such as trivinyl cyclohexane; vinyl-functionalized polymer or oligomer; vinyl-functionalized and/or terminally unsaturated allyl-functionalized silane and/or vinyl-functionalized silicones; unsaturated fatty acids; unsaturated fatty esters; or combinations of two or more thereof Illustrative examples of such unsaturated substrates include, but are not limited to, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-octadecene, styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, cyclopentene, norbornene, 1,5-hexadiene, norbornadiene, vinylcyclohexene, allyl alcohol, allyl-terminated polyethyleneglycol, allylacrylate, allyl methacrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, allyl-terminated isocyanate- or acrylate prepolymers, polybutadiene, allylamine, methallyl amine, acetylene, phenylacetylene, vinyl-pendent or vinyl-terminal polysiloxanes, vinylcyclosiloxanes, vinylsiloxane resins, other terminally-unsaturated alkenyl silanes or siloxanes, vinyl-functional synthetic or natural minerals, etc.

Unsaturated polyethers suitable for the hydrosilylation reaction include polyoxyalkylenes having the general formula:

R²⁵(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)—OR²⁶; and/or

R²⁶O(CHR²⁷CH₂O)_(w)(CH₂CH₂O)_(z)—CR²⁸ ₂—C≡C—CR²⁸ ₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)R²⁶

wherein R²⁵ denotes an unsaturated organic group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as allyl, methylallyl, propargyl or 3-pentynyl. When the unsaturation is olefinic, it is desirably terminal to facilitate smooth hydrosilylation. However, when the unsaturation is a triple bond, it may be internal. R²⁶ is independently hydrogen, vinyl, allyl, methallyl, or a polyether capping group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as the alkyl groups: CH₃, n-C₄H₉, t-C₄H₉ or i-C₈H₁₇, the acyl groups such as CH₃COO, t-C₄H₉COO, the beta-ketoester group such as CH₃C(O)CH₂C(O)O, or a trialkylsilyl group. R²⁷ and R²⁸ are monovalent hydrocarbon groups such as the C1-C20 alkyl groups, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl and stearyl, or the aryl groups, for example, phenyl and naphthyl, or the alkaryl groups, for example, benzyl, phenylethyl and nonylphenyl, or the cycloalkyl groups, for example, cyclohexyl and cyclooctyl. R²⁸ may also be hydrogen. Methyl is particularly suitable for the R²⁷ and R²⁸ groups. Each occurrence of z is 0 to 100 inclusive and each occurrence of w is 0 to 100 inclusive. In one embodiment, the values of z and w are 1 to 50 inclusive.

As indicated above, the present invention is directed, in one embodiment, to a process for producing a dehydrogenatively silylated product comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the dehydrogenatively silylated product, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof. In one embodiment, the process includes contacting the composition with a metal complex of the catalyst, either supported or unsupported, to cause the silyl hydride to react with the compound having at least one unsaturated group to produce a dehydrogenative silylation product, which may contain the metal complex catalyst. The dehydrogenative silylation reaction can be conducted optionally in the presence of a solvent. If desired, when the dehydrogenative silylation reaction is completed, the metal complex can be removed from the reaction product by magnetic separation and/or filtration. These reactions may be performed neat, or diluted in an appropriate solvent. Typical solvents include benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, etc. It is preferred that the reaction is performed under an inert atmosphere.

Effective catalyst usage for dehydrogenative silylation ranges from 0.001 mole percent to 5 mole percent based on the molar quantity of the alkene to be reacted. Preferred levels are from 0.005 to 1 mole percent. Reaction may be run at temperatures from about −10° C. up to 300° C., depending on the thermal stability of the alkene, silyl hydride and the specific pyridine di-imine complex. Temperatures in the range, 10-100° C., have been found to be effective for most reactions. Heating of reaction mixtures can be done using conventional methods as well as with microwave devices.

The dehydrogenative silylation reactions of this invention can be run at subatmospheric and supra-atmospheric pressures. Typically, pressures from about 1 atmosphere (0.1 MPa) to about 200 atmospheres (20 MPa), preferably to about 50 atmospheres (5.0 MPa), are suitable. Higher pressures are effective with volatile and/or less reactive alkenes which require confinement to enable high conversions.

The catalysts of the invention are useful for catalyzing dehydrogenative silylation reactions. For example, when an appropriate silyl hydride, such as triethoxy silane, triethyl silane, MD^(H)M, or a silyl-hydride functional polysiloxane (SL 6020 D1 from Momentive Performance Materials, Inc., for example) are reacted with a mono-unsaturated hydrocarbon, such as octene, dodecene, butene, etc, in the presence of the Co catalyst, the resulting product is a terminally-silyl-substituted alkene, where the unsaturation is in a beta position relative to the silyl group. A by-product of this reaction is the hydrogenated olefin. When the reaction is performed with a molar ratio of silane to olefin of 0.5:1 (a 2:1 molar ratio of olefin to silane) the resulting products are formed in a 1:1 ratio.

The reactions are typically facile at ambient temperatures and pressures, but can also be run at lower or higher temperatures (−10 to 300° C.) or pressures (ambient to 205 atmospheres, (0.1-20.5 MPa)). A range of unsaturated compounds can be used in this reaction, such as N,N-dimethylallyl amine, allyloxy-substituted polyethers, cyclohexene, and linear alpha olefins (i.e., 1-butene, 1-octene, 1-dodecene, etc.). When an alkene containing internal double bonds is used, the catalyst is capable of first isomerizing the olefin, with the resulting reaction product being the same as when the terminally-unsaturated alkene is used.

Because the double bond of an alkene is preserved during the dehydrogenative silylation reaction employing these cobalt catalysts, a singly-unsaturated olefin may be used to crosslink silyl-hydride containing polymers. For example, a silyl-hydride polysiloxane, such as SL6020 D1 (MD₁₅D^(H) ₃₀M), may be reacted with 1-octene in the presence of the cobalt catalysts of this invention to produce a crosslinked, elastomeric material. A variety of new materials can be produced by this method by varying the hydride polymer and length of the olefin used for the crosslinking. Accordingly, the catalysts used in the process of the invention have utility in the preparation of useful silicone products, including, but not limited to, coatings, for example release coatings, room temperature vulcanizates, sealants, adhesives, products for agricultural and personal care applications, and silicone surfactants for stabilizing polyurethane foams.

Furthermore, the dehydrogenative silylation may be carried out on any of a number of unsaturated polyolefins, such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene or EPDM-type copolymers, to either functionalize these commercially important polymers with silyl groups or crosslink them via the use of hydrosiloxanes containing multiple SiH groups at lower temperatures than conventionally used. This offers the potential to extend the application of these already valuable materials in newer commercially useful areas.

In one embodiment, dehydrogenative silylation is conducted by utilizing a cobalt catalyst of the formula (I) where R⁶ and/or R⁷ comprises an aryl group or a substituted aryl. In one embodiment, R⁶ and/or R⁷ is

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, an aryl, a substituted aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom. In one embodiment, R¹⁸ and R²² may independently include methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl groups, and R²⁰ may be hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are each methyl and R¹⁹ and R²¹ are hydrogen. In one embodiment, the cobalt complex employed in the dehydrogenative silylation process is a complex of Formula (II), Formula (III) or a combination thereof.

The catalyst complexes of the invention are efficient and selective in catalyzing dehydrogenative silylation reactions. For example, when the catalyst complexes of the invention are employed in the dehydrogenative silylation of an alkyl-capped allyl polyether or a compound containing an unsaturated group, the reaction products are essentially free of unreacted alkyl-capped allyl polyether and its isomerization products or unreacted compound with the unsaturated group. Further, when the compound containing an unsaturated group is an unsaturated amine compound, the dehydrogenatively silylated product is essentially free of internal addition products and isomerization products of the unsaturated compound. In one embodiment, where the unsaturated starting material is an olefin, the reaction is highly selective for the dehydrogenative silylated product, and the reaction products are essentially free of any alkene by-products. As used herein, “essentially free” is meant no more than 10 wt. %, preferably 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the dehydrogenative silylation product. “Essentially free of internal addition products” is meant that silicon is added to the terminal carbon.

The cobalt complexes can also be used as a catalyst for the hydrosilylation of a composition containing a silyl hydride and a compound having at least one unsaturated group. The hydrosilylation process includes contacting the composition with a cobalt complex of the Formula (I), either supported or unsupported, to cause the silyl hydride to react with the compound having at least one aliphatically unsaturated group to produce a hydrosilylation product. The hydrosilylation product may contain the components from the catalyst composition. The hydrosilylation reaction can be conducted optionally in the presence of a solvent, at subatmospheric or supra-atmospheric pressures and in batch or continuous processes. The hydrosilylation reaction can be conducted at temperatures of from about −10° C. to about 200° C. If desired, when the hydrosilylation reaction is completed, the catalyst composition can be removed from the reaction product by filtration. The hydrosilylation can be conducted by reacting one mole of the same type silyl hydride with one mole of the same type of unsaturated compound as for the dehydrogenative silylation.

The manner or order in which the respective components for carrying out the process are added to one another is not particularly limited and can be chosen as desired. In one embodiment, the silyl hydride can be added to a mixture containing the cobalt complex and the unsaturated olefin. In another embodiment, the unsaturated olefin can be added to a mixture containing the cobalt complex and the silyl hydride. In still another embodiment, a mixture of silyl hydride and unsaturated olefin can be added to a mixture of the cobalt complex, silyl hydride and unsaturated olefin. It will be appreciated that the first mixtures in the above embodiments may be heated or preliminarily reacted prior to addition of the remaining components.

As described above, the catalyst can comprise a cobalt complex of Formula (I). In one embodiment, for a hydrosilylation process, the cobalt complex is such that R⁶ and/or R⁷ in Formula (I) are an alkyl group. In one embodiment, R⁶ and R⁷ are methyl. In one embodiment, the hydrosilylation process can employ a cobalt complex of Formula (IV), Formula (V), or a combination thereof.

The cobalt complexes of the invention are efficient and selective in catalyzing hydrosilylation reactions. For example, when the metal complexes of the invention are employed in the hydrosilylation of an alkyl-capped allyl polyether and a compound containing an unsaturated group, the reaction products are essentially free of unreacted alkyl-capped allyl polyether and its isomerization products. In one embodiment, the reaction products do not contain the unreacted alkyl-capped allyl polyether and its isomerization products. In one embodiment, the hydrosilylation process can produce some dehydrogenative silylated products. The hydrosilylation process, however, can be highly selective for the hydrosilylated product, and the products are essentially free of the dehydrogenative product. As used herein, “essentially free” is meant no more than 10 wt. %, no more than 5 wt. %, no more than 3 wt. %; even no more than 1 wt. % based on the total weight of the hydrosilylation product. “Essentially free of internal addition products” is meant that silicon is added to the terminal carbon.

The catalyst composition can be provided for either the dehydrogenative silylation or hydrosilylation reactions in an amount sufficient to provide a desired metal concentration. In one embodiment, the concentration of the catalyst is about 5% (50000 ppm) or less based on the total weight of the reaction mixture; about 1% (10000 ppm) or less; 5000 ppm or less based on the total weight of the reaction mixture; about 1000 ppm or less; about 500 ppm or less based on the total weight of the reaction mixture; about 100 ppm or less; about 50 ppm or less based on the total weight of the reaction mixture; even about 10 ppm or less based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. In one embodiment, the concentration of the catalyst is from about 10 ppm to about 50000 ppm; about 100 ppm to about 10000 ppm; about 250 ppm to about 5000 ppm; even about 500 ppm to about 2500 ppm. In one embodiment, the concentration of the metal atom is from about 100 to about 1000 ppm based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. The concentration of the metal (e.g., cobalt) can be from about 1 ppm to about 5000 ppm; from about 5 ppm to about 2500 ppm; from about 10 ppm to about 1000 ppm, even from about 25 ppm to about 500 ppm. Here as elsewhere in the specification and claims, numerical values can be combined to form new and non-disclosed ranges.

The following examples are intended to illustrate, but in no way limit the scope of the present invention. All parts and percentages are by weight and all temperatures are in Celsius unless explicitly stated otherwise. All the publications and the US patents referred to in the application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

EXAMPLES General Considerations

All air- and moisture-sensitive manipulations were carried out using standard Schlenk techniques or in an MBraun inert atmosphere dry box containing an atmosphere of purified nitrogen. Solvents for air- and moisture-sensitive manipulations were dried and deoxygenated by passing through solvent system columns and stored with 4 Å molecular sieves in the dry box. Benzene-d₆ was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, dried over sodium and stored with 4 Å molecular sieves in the dry box. Complexes (^(Mes)PDI)CoMe and (^(Cy)APDI)CoMe were prepared according to the procedure described in Humphries, M. J.; Tellmann, K. P.; Gibson, V. C.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Organometallics 2005, 24, 2039-2050. Py₂Co(CH₂TMS)₂ was prepared according to the procedure described in Zhu, D.; Janssen, F. F. B. J.; Budzelaar, P. H. M. Organometallics 2010, 29, 1897.

Substrates were dried over LiAlH₄ or CaH₂ and degased under high vacuum before use.

NMR spectra were acquired on a Varian INOVA-500 or Bruker-500 MHz spectrometer. The chemical shifts (δ) of ¹H NMR spectra are given in parts per million and referenced to the solvent residual of benzene-d₆ (7.16 ppm).

GC analyses were performed using a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph equipped with a Shimadzu AOC-20s autosampler and a Shimadzu SHRXI-5MS capillary column (15 m×250 μm). The instrument was set to an injection volume of 1 μL, an inlet split ratio of 20:1, and inlet and detector temperatures of 250° C. and 275° C., respectively. UHP-grade helium was used as carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.82 mL/min. The temperature program used for all the analyses is as follows: 60° C., 1 min; 15° C./min to 250° C., 2 min.

Catalyst loadings in the following text are reported in mol % of the cobalt complex (mol_(Co complex)/mol_(olefin)×100).

Example 1 Synthesis of alloxydiphenylsilane

The synthesis of alloxydiphenylsilane follows a modified literature procedure described by Bergens, S. H.; Noheda, P.; Whelan, J.; Bosnich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2121-2128, and was carried out in air. A solution of allyl alcohol (2.9 g, 50 mmol) and triethylamine (5.1 g, 50 mmol) in Et₂O (250 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. With rapid stirring, the solution was treated with chlorodiphenylsilane (11 g, 50 mmol) drop wise. Large quantities of a fluffy white precipitate (Et₃NHCl) were observed immediately. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The resulting solution was filtered through Celite and washed with Et₂O. The filtrate was concentrated and yielded a colorless oil, which upon distillation (84-85° C., 65 mmTorr) afforded the desired product as a colorless oil in 80% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d₆) δ 7.74-7.62 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.06 (m, 6H), 5.81 (ddt, J=17.1, 10.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 5.31 (dq, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dq, J=10.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (dt, J=4.6, 1.8 Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, C₆D6) δ 136.73, 135.11, 134.31, 130.66, 128.39, 128.25, 128.06, 127.87, 114.77, 65.60.

Example 2 Synthesis of alloxydimethylsilane

Alloxydimethylsilane was prepared in a manner similar to alloxydiphenylsilane. A solution of allyl alcohol (2.9 g, 50 mmol) and triethylamine (5.1 g, 50 mmol) in Et₂O (250 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. While rapid stirring, the solution was added with chlorodimethylsilane (4.7 g, 50 mmol) dropwise. Large quantities of a fluffy white precipitate (Et₃NHCl) were observed immediately. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The resulting solution was filtered through Celite and washed with Et₂O. The filtrate was concentrated to yield a colorless oil, following factional distillation (79-83° C.), afforded the product as a colorless oil in 50% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.93 (ddt, J=17.2, 10.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (dq, J=17.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dq, J=10.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.18 (dt, J=5.0, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 0.23 (s, 3H), 0.23 (s, 3H).

Example 3 Synthesis of (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅)

In a glove box, a purple solution of (^(Mes)PDI)CoMe (47 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 1 mL of Et₂O and a Et₂O (1 mL) solution of alloxydiphenylsilane (24 mg, 0.1 mmol) were mixed and stirred for 0.5 hours. A maroon solution was observed. The solution was filtered through Celite and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was layered with pentane and stored at −35° C. for 2 days and produced maroon crystals. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 7.77 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.10-6.94 (m, 8H), 6.88-6.82 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=9.9, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (br, 1H), 3.49 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H) 1.02 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 154.33, 150.22, 149.42, 148.74, 147.28, 146.88, 144.56, 140.38, 137.90, 134.80, 134.69, 134.49, 133.16, 133.01, 132.25, 129.94, 129.87, 129.54, 129.33, 129.12, 129.07, 128.84, 128.57, 127.63, 127.58, 127.50, 126.34, 125.70, 122.72, 121.14, 115.77, 75.83, 71.26, 61.22, 20.81, 20.76, 20.55, 18.69, 18.04, 17.12, 15.60, 15.26.

Example 4 Synthesis of (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅)

In a glove box, to a brown solution of (^(Me)APDI)Co(CH₂TMS)₂ (42 mg, 0.1 mmol) in toluene was added alloxydiphenylsilane (24 mg, 0.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours and a purple solution was observed. The solution was filtered through Celite and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was layered with pentane and stored at −35° C. for 2 days to yield the desired product as purple crystals. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d₆) δ 7.58 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19-6.94 (m, 7H), 6.87 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.56-6.50 (m, 2H), 5.43-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.22 (m, 2H), 3.35-3.29 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.83 (s, 3H), 1.62 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 152.63, 149.63, 145.92, 145.80, 144.01, 138.30, 132.15, 131.93, 128.35, 128.15, 127.97, 127.37, 127.23, 127.21, 126.83, 121.17, 119.50, 114.13, 70.81, 69.00, 47.09, 39.65, 35.26, 22.76, 14.56, 13.42.

Example 5 Synthesis of (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅)

In a glove box, to a purple solution of (^(Mes)PDI)CoMe (47 mg, 0.1 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added alloxydimethylsilane (16 mg, 0.12 mmol) and stirred for 2 hours to afford a red solution. The solution was filtered through Celite and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was layered with pentane and stored at −35° C. for 1 day and yielded the desired product as red crystals. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 7.71 (dd, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.70-6.65 (m, 3H), 5.05 (dd, J=9.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.75 (m, 1H), 3.30 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 6H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), −0.18 (s, 3H), −0.45 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 152.01, 147.97, 147.69, 147.49, 144.98, 144.56, 134.64, 134.53, 133.64, 132.68, 129.71, 129.62, 129.60, 129.45, 129.41, 129.01, 128.66, 128.35, 128.16, 127.97, 121.19, 120.85, 114.52, 76.52, 71.16, 59.70, 20.83, 20.81, 20.38, 19.91, 19.12, 18.31, 15.45, 15.44, 3.41, 1.93.

Example 6 Synthesis of (^(Me)APDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅)

This compound was prepared in a manner similar to (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅)(Example 5). In a glove box, to a brown solution of (^(Me)APDI)Co(CH₂TMS)₂ (42 mg, 0.1 mmol) in pentane (1 mL) and Et₂O (5 drops) was added alloxydimethylsilane (16 mg, 0.12 mmol) and stirred for 6 hours. A purple solution and precipitation of solids were observed. The solid was isolated through filtration and purified by dissolving in toluene and passing through Celite. The resulting solution was layered with pentane and stored at −35° C. for 1 day to yield the desired product as purple crystals. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, benzene-d₆) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 7.63 (dd, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dd, J=10.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.12 (m, 1H), 4.04 (t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=9.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.93 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 151.02, 148.49, 145.32, 142.84, 120.04, 119.50, 113.29, 70.99, 68.12, 48.17, 40.03, 35.68, 14.30, 14.20, 3.80, −1.94.

Example 7 Synthesis of (^(Me)APDI)CoCH₂TMS

The brown solid of (^(Me)APDI)Co(CH₂TMS)₂ (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 mL). The solution was allowed to stand in r.t. under N₂ for 24 h. Upon formation of (^(Me)APDI)Co(CH₂TMS), the color of the solution was changed to purple. The THF solvent was reduced to 0.5 mL and layered with 1 mL pentane. The solution was allowed to crystallize at −35° C. to afford a purple solid in 80% yield. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Benzene-d₆) δ 9.85 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 6H), 1.23 (s, 2H), −0.10 (s, 9H), −0.55 (s, 6H).

Example 8 Synthesis of (MeAPDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅)

In a glove box, to a purple solution of (^(Me)APDI)Co(CH₂TMS) (200 mg, 0.60 mmol) in pentane (2 mL) was added alloxydimethylsilane (76 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and stirred for 2 hours. A precipitation of solids were observed. The solid was isolated through filtration in 92% yield. The solid is clean by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and suitable for catalysis. If impurity is observed, the solid can be purified by recrystallization in toluene and pentane at −35° C. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, benzene-d₆) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 7.63 (dd, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dd, J=10.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.12 (m, 1H), 4.04 (t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=9.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.93 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, benzene-d₆) δ 151.02, 148.49, 145.32, 142.84, 120.04, 119.50, 113.29, 70.99, 68.12, 48.17, 40.03, 35.68, 14.30, 14.20, 3.80, −1.94.

Example 9 Catalyst Screening for the Hydrosilylation 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃

In a glove box, 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) were weighed into a vial equipped with a stir bar. The solid Co catalyst (2-3 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a separate vial, and was subsequently added into the substrates. The vial was sealed with a cap and stirred. After 1 hour, the reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The product mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel (Fluka® high-purity grade, pore size 60, 230-400 mesh particle size, 40-63 μm particle size, for flash chromatography) and eluted with hexane. The crude product mixture was analyzed by GC. Volatiles were then removed from the crude mixture product and the resulting mixture was analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

Example 10 Dehydrogenative Silylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) in the Glove Box

In a glove box, 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (82 mg, 0.5 mmol) were weighed into a vial equipped with a stir bar. The purple solid of (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a separate vial, and was subsequently combined with the substrates. The vial was sealed with a cap and electrical tape, brought out of the box and stirred in an oil bath at 50° C. After 12 hours, the reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was directly injected to GC. The substrates were quantitatively converted into allyl silane and octane (>98% starting olefin conversion). The residue was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The resulting solution was dried under vacuum and analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to confirm the GC results.

Example 11 Dehydrogenative Silylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) in the Glove Box

In a glove box, 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (82 mg, 0.5 mmol) were weighed into a vial equipped with a stir bar. Purple (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a separate vial, and was subsequently combined with the substrates. The vial was sealed with a cap and electrical tape, brought out of the box and stirred in an oil bath at 50° C. After 2 hours, the reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was directly injected to GC. The substrates were completely converted into allyl silane and octane (>98% starting olefin conversion). The residue was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The resulting solution was dried under vacuum and analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to confirm the GC results.

Example 12 Hydrosilylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) in the Glove Box

In a glove box, 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) were weighed into a vial equipped with a stir bar. Purple (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a separate vial, and was subsequently combined with the substrates. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was directly injected to GC. The residue was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The resulting solution was dried under vacuum and analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to confirm the GC results.

Example 13 Hydrosilylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Me)APDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) in the Glove Box

In a glove box, 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) were weighed into a vial equipped with a stir bar. Purple (^(Me)APDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a separate vial, and was subsequently combined with the substrates. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was directly injected to GC. The residue was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The resulting solution was dried under vacuum and analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to confirm the GC results.

Example 14 Bench-Top Dehydrogenative Silylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) Under Ar

A 50 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was charged with 1-octene (224 mg, 2 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) in the glove box. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and moved out of the box. Purple (^(Mes)PDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a vial, brought out of the box and exposed to air for 10 minutes. The solid catalyst was added into the Schlenk flask under an Ar flow. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and heated in an oil bath at 50° C. After 12 hours, the reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC to give complete conversion and >95% allyl silane. The residue was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The resulting solution was dried under vacuum and analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

Example 15 Bench-Top Hydrosilylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) Under Ar

A 50 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was charged with 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) in the glove box. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and moved out of the box. Purple (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a vial, brought out of the box and exposed to air for 10 minutes. The solid catalyst was added into the Schlenk flask under an Ar flow. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC and ¹H NMR spectroscopy which showed >98% yield of anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation product.

Example 16 Bench-Top Hydrosilylation of 1-Octene with HSi(OEt)₃ Using (^(Me)APDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) Under Ar

A 50 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was charged with 1-octene (112 mg, 1 mmol) and triethoxysilane (164 mg, 1 mmol) in the glove box. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and moved out of the box. Purple (^(Me)APDI)Co(Me₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a vial, brought out of the box and exposed to air for 10 minutes. The solid catalyst was added into the Schlenk flask under an Ar flow. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by exposure to air. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC and ¹H NMR spectroscopy which showed >98% yield of anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation product and trace dehydrogenative silylation product.

Example 17 Bench-Top Siloxane Cross-Linking Using (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) Under Ar

SL6100 and SL6020 were stored in air and used without further purification. A 50 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was charged with SL6100 (1 g) and SL6020 D1 (44 mg) in air. A drop of toluene was added into the mixture. The flask was purged with Ar for 1 minute. (^(Me)APDI)Co(Ph₂SiOC₃H₅) (2 mg, 0.5 mol %) was weighed into a vial, brought out of the box and exposed to air for 5 minutes. The air-exposed solid catalyst was added into the Schlenk flask under an Ar flow. The flask was sealed with a glass stopper. During 1 h, formation of gel was observed.

Example 18 Silylation of M^(Vi)M^(Vi) with MD^(H)M Using ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl)

In a nitrogen-filled drybox, a scintillation vial was charged with 0.090 g (0.483 mmol) of M^(Vi)M^(Vi) and approximately 0.002 g (0.005 mmol) ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl) (1 mol %). MD^(H)M (0.215 g, 0.966 mmol) was then added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, after which the mixture was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The crude product mixture was analyzed by GC. Volatiles were then removed from the crude mixture product and the resulting mixture was analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The multiplets at ˜0.5 ppm region (indicative of Anti-Markovnikov product) and the doublet at ˜1.0 ppm region (Markovnikov product) in the ¹H NMR spectrum are diagnostic signals for determining product ratio.

Example 19 Silylation of Vinyltrimethylsilane with MD^(H)M Using ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl)

In a nitrogen-filled drybox, a scintillation vial was charged with 0.090 g (0.898 mmol) of vinyltrimethylsilane and approximately 0.002 g (0.005 mmol) ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl) (1 mol %). MD^(H)M (0.200 g, 0.898 mmol) was then added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, after which the mixture was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The crude product mixture was analyzed by GC. Volatiles were then removed from the crude mixture product and the resulting mixture was analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The multiplets at ˜0.5 ppm region (indicative of Anti-Markovnikov product) and the doublet at ˜1.0 ppm region (Markovnikov product) in the ¹H NMR spectrum are diagnostic signals for determining product ratio.

Example 20 Silylation of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyl-3-vinyltrisiloxane with pentamethyldisiloxane using ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl)

In a nitrogen-filled drybox, a scintillation vial was charged with 0.221 g (0.891 mmol) of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyl-3-vinyltrisiloxane and approximately 0.003 g (0.009 mmol) ^(Me)APDICo(Me₂SiOAllyl) (1 mol %). Pentamethyldisiloxane (0.132 g, 0.891 mmol) was then added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, after which the mixture was quenched by exposure to air. The product mixture was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. The crude product mixture was analyzed by GC. Volatiles were then removed from the crude mixture product and the resulting mixture was analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The multiplets at ˜0.5 ppm region (indicative of Anti-Markovnikov product) and the doublet at ˜1.0 ppm region (Markovnikov product) in the ¹H NMR spectrum are diagnostic signals for determining product ratio.

While the above description contains many specifics, these specifics should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations that are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A complex of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵ and R⁸-R¹⁴, other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom.
 2. The complex of claim 1, wherein Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from a C1-C4 alkyl or a C6-C10 aryl.
 3. The complex of claim 1, wherein Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from methyl or phenyl.
 4. The complex of claim 1, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl.
 5. The complex of claim 1, wherein R⁶ and/or R⁷ comprise an aryl of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom.
 6. The complex of claim 5, wherein R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are a C1-C4 alkyl, and R¹⁹ and R²¹ are hydrogen.
 7. The complex of claim 1, wherein the complex is of the formula:


8. The complex of claim 1, wherein the complex is immobilized on a support.
 9. The complex of claim 8, wherein the support is chosen from carbon, silica, alumina, MgCl₂, zirconia, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(aminostyrene), sulfonated polystyrene, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 10. The complex of claim 8, wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and/or R⁷ comprises a functional group that covalently bonds with the support.
 11. A process for producing a dehydrogenatively silylated product comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the dehydrogenatively silylated product, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵ and R⁸-R¹⁴, other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein one or both of R⁶ and R⁷ comprise an aryl of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹⁸-R²², other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom.
 13. The process of claim 12 wherein R¹⁸ and R²² are independently methyl, ethyl or isopropyl groups and R³ is hydrogen or methyl.
 14. The process of claim 12 wherein R¹⁸, R²⁰, and R²² are each methyl.
 15. The process of claim 12 wherein R¹ and R⁵ are independently methyl or phenyl groups.
 16. The process of claim 12 wherein R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.
 17. The process of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is chosen from a complex of the formula:

or a combination of two or more thereof.
 18. The process of claim 11 further comprising removing the complex and/or derivatives thereof from the dehydrogenative silylated product.
 19. The process of claim 11, wherein the dehydrogenatively silylated product comprises a silane or siloxane containing a silyl group and an unsaturated group.
 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the unsaturated group is in the alpha or beta position relative to the silyl group.
 21. The process of claim 11, wherein the molar ratio of the unsaturated group in said component (a) relative to the silylhydride functional group in said component (b) is equal to 2:1 or greater.
 22. The process of claim 11, wherein the dehydrogenatively silylated product contains two or more terminal silyl groups derived from component (b).
 23. The process of claim 11, wherein said component (a) is a mono-unsaturated compound.
 24. The process of claim 11, wherein said component (a) is selected from the group consisting of an alkyne or an olefin; a cycloalkene; an alkyl-capped allyl polyether; a vinyl-functional alkyl-capped allyl or methallyl polyether; an alkyl-capped terminally unsaturated amine; an alkyne; terminally unsaturated acrylate or methacrylate; unsaturated aryl ether; vinyl-functionalized polymer or oligomer; vinyl-functionalized and/or terminally unsaturated alkenyl-functionalized silane and/or silicone; an unsaturated fatty acid; an unsaturated ester; or a combination of two or more thereof.
 25. The process of claim 11, wherein the complex is immobilized on a support.
 26. The process of claim 11, wherein the reaction is conducted under an inert atmosphere.
 27. The process of claim 11, wherein the reaction is conducted in the presence of a solvent selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, and combinations thereof.
 28. The process of claim 11, wherein the reaction is carried out at a temperature of −40° C. to 200° C.
 29. The process of claim 11, wherein the silylated product comprises an anti-Markovnikov addition product, a Markovnkiov addition product, or a combination thereof.
 30. A composition produced by the process of claim 11, wherein the composition contains the catalyst or derivatives thereof.
 31. The composition of claim 30 comprising at least one component chosen from a silane, a silicone fluid, a crosslinked silicone, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 32. A process for producing a crosslinked material, comprising reacting a mixture comprising (a) a silyl-hydride containing polymer, (b) a mono-unsaturated olefin or an unsaturated polyolefin, or combinations thereof and (c) a catalyst, optionally in the presence of a solvent, in order to produce the crosslinked material, wherein the catalyst is a complex of the Formula (I) or an adduct thereof;

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵, and R⁸-R¹⁴ other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure, with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.
 33. A process for the hydrosilylation of a composition comprising hydrosilylation reactants chosen from (a) an unsaturated compound containing at least one unsaturated functional group, and (b) a silyl hydride containing at least one silylhydride functional group, the process comprising contacting the composition comprising the hydrosilylation reactants with a complex of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a substituted C6-C18 aryl, or an inert substituent, wherein one or more of R¹-R⁵, and R⁸-R¹⁴ other than hydrogen, optionally contain at least one heteroatom; each occurrence of R⁶ and R⁷ is independently a C1-C18 alkyl, a C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl or a substituted C6-C18 aryl, wherein one or both of R⁶ and R⁷ optionally contain at least one heteroatom; optionally any two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ vicinal to one another, R¹-R², and/or R⁴-R⁵ taken together may form a ring being a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, or unsaturated cyclic structure with the proviso that R⁵-R⁶ and R¹-R⁷ are not taken to form a terpyridine ring; and Z is O, NR¹⁵, or CR¹⁶R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen, a C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl group, an alkaryl group, an aralkyl group, and one or more of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ optionally contains at least one heteroatom.
 34. The process of claim 33, wherein Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 alkyl and C6-C18 aryl.
 35. The process of claim 33, wherein Z is O, and R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from methyl or phenyl.
 36. The process of claim 33, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are independently chosen from a C1-C8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, or a substituted C6-C18 aryl.
 37. The process of claim 33, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each methyl.
 38. The process of claim 37, wherein R², R³, and R⁴ are each hydrogen.
 39. The process of claim 37, wherein R¹ and R⁵ are each methyl.
 40. The process of claim 33, wherein the complex is of the formula:

or a combination thereof.
 41. The process of claim 33, wherein the complex is immobilized on a support.
 42. The process according to claim 33, wherein the silyl hydride is chosen from one or a combination of compounds of the formulas: R²³ _(m)SiH_(p)X_(4-(m+p)); M_(a)M^(H) _(b)D_(c)D^(H) _(d)T_(e)T^(H) _(f)Q_(g); R²⁹ ₃Si(CH₂R²⁹)_(x)SiOSiR²⁹ ₂(OSiR²⁹ ₂)_(y)OSiR²⁹ ₂H; R²⁹ ₃Si(CHR²⁹)_(x)SiR²⁹ ₂H, or a combination of two or more thereof, where each R²³ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl group; X is halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy, or silazane; m is 0-3; p is 1-3 with the proviso that the silicon remains tetravalent; M represents a monofunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₃SiO_(1/2); a D represents a difunctional group of formula R²⁴ ₂SiO_(2/2); a T represents a trifunctional group of formula R²⁴SiO_(3/2); Q represents a tetrafunctional group of formula SiO_(4/2); M^(H) represents HR²⁴ ₂SiO_(1/2), T^(H) represents HSiO_(3/2), and D^(H) group represents R²⁴HSiO_(2/2); each occurrence of R²⁴ is independently a C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, a C₁-C₁₈ substituted alkyl, a C₆-C₁₄ aryl or substituted aryl, wherein R²⁴ optionally contains at least one heteroatom; subscripts a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are such that the molar mass of the compound is between 100 and 100,000 Dalton; each occurrence of R²⁹ is independently C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 substituted alkyl, C6-C14 aryl or substituted aryl; x is 1-8, and y is 0-10.
 43. The process according to claim 33, wherein the unsaturated compound (a) is chosen from an unsaturated polyether; a vinyl functionalized alkyl capped allyl or methylallyl polyether; a terminally unsaturated amine; an alkyne; a C2-C45 olefins; an unsaturated epoxide; a terminally unsaturated acrylate or methyl acrylate; an unsaturated aryl ether; an unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon; unsaturated cycloalkane; a vinyl-functionalized polymer or oligomer; a vinyl-functionalized silane, a vinyl-functionalized silicone, terminally unsaturated alkenyl-functionalized silane and/or silicone or a combination of two or more thereof.
 44. The process according to claim 43, wherein the unsaturated compound (a) is chosen from one or more polyethers having the general formula: R²⁵(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)—OR²⁶; and/or R²⁶O(CHR²⁷CH₂O)_(w)(CH₂CH₂O)_(z)—CR²⁸ ₂—C≡C—CR²⁸ ₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(z)(OCH₂CHR²⁷)_(w)R²⁶ wherein R²⁵ is chosen from an unsaturated organic group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms; R²⁶ is independently chosen from a hydrogen, vinyl, allyl, methallyl, or a polyether capping group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an acyl group, a beta-ketoester group, or a trialkylsilyl group; R²⁷ and R²⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, a monovalent hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, an alkaryl group, and a cycloalkyl group; a Me or H are preferred for R²⁷; each occurrence of z is 0 to 100 inclusive; and each occurrence of w is 0 to 100 inclusive.
 45. The process of claim 33 further comprising removal of the catalyst composition.
 46. The process of claim 45, wherein removal of the catalyst composition is achieved by filtration.
 47. The process of claim 33, wherein the reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about −10° C. to about 200° C.
 48. The process of claim 33, wherein the reaction is conducted a subatmospheric pressure.
 49. The process of claim 33, wherein the reaction is conducted in a supra-atmospheric pressure. 